a.) It has participated in most major conflicts that the United States has been involved in the past 50 years. [135] This instability was broken by the 16 May 1961 coup led by General Park Chung-hee. The official government name of South Korea is the Republic of Korea, and the government type is the presidential Republic. After Goryeo was replaced by Joseon in 1392, Joseon became the official name for the entire territory, though it was not universally accepted. Yi Seong-gye declared the new name of Korea as "Joseon" in reference to Gojoseon, and moved the capital to Hanseong (one of the old names of Seoul). [227] On 4 October 2007, Roh Moo-Hyun and North Korean leader Kim Jong-il signed an eight-point agreement on issues of permanent peace, high-level talks, economic cooperation, renewal of train services, highway and air travel, and a joint Olympic cheering squad. [397][398][399] Recent years have been characterized by increasing attendance and ticket prices for professional baseball games. Park was heavily criticized as a ruthless military dictator, who in 1972 extended his rule by creating a new constitution, which gave the president sweeping (almost dictatorial) powers and permitted him to run for an unlimited number of six-year terms. Voluntarily and continuously insured persons consists of individuals 60 years of age who want to fulfill the minimum insured period of 20 years to qualify for old age pension benefits. In March 2010 the South Korean warship ROKS Cheonan was sunk leading to the death of 46 South Korean sailors, allegedly by a North Korean submarine. In 2014, South Korea ranked second worldwide (after Singapore) in the national rankings of students' math and science scores by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) . About nine million people belong to one of the hundred different Presbyterian churches; the biggest ones are the HapDong Presbyterian Church, TongHap Presbyterian Church and the Koshin Presbyterian Church. Other well-known dishes are Bulgogi (), grilled marinated beef; Gimbap (); and Tteokbokki (), a spicy snack consisting of rice cake seasoned with gochujang or a spicy chili paste. Boys' uniforms usually consist of trousers and white shirts, and girls wear skirts and white shirts (this only applies in middle schools and high schools). [191] Yet with only limited places at the nation's most prestigious universities and even fewer places at top-tier companies, many young people remain disappointed and are often unwilling to lower their sights with the result of many feeling as though they are underachievers. [325] Any one who is under the age of 18 are dependents of someone who is covered or under a special exclusion where they are allowed to alternative provisions. After normalizing relations with the new Qing dynasty, Joseon experienced a nearly 200-year period of peace. XVI E XVII", "Cartas de Afonso de Albuquerque, vol. [137], In 2017, South Korea was the world's seventh largest emitter of carbon emissions and the fifth largest emitter per capita. [276], Male citizens who refuse or reject to undertake military services because of conscientious objection are typically imprisoned, with over 600 individuals usually imprisoned at any given time; more than the rest of the world put together. TOURIST VISA REQUIRED: Yes - visa or Korean Electronic Travel Authorization (K-ETA) as of September 1, 2021. On 1 January 2007, former South Korean Foreign Minister Ban Ki-moon served as UN Secretary-General from 2007 to 2016. There has been long-term agreement between the United States and South Korea that South Korea should eventually assume the lead for its own defense. In response to then-Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi's visits to the Yasukuni Shrine, former President Roh Moo-hyun suspended all summit talks between South Korea and Japan in 2009. [347] The launch of Naro-1 in August 2009 resulted in a failure. Competitive video gaming, also called Esports (sometimes written e-Sports), has become more popular in South Korea in recent years, particularly among young people. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy. VACCINATIONS: None CURRENCY RESTRICTIONS FOR ENTRY: None CURRENCY RESTRICTIONS FOR EXIT: None ALL / Embassies and Consulates Destination Description Entry, Exit and Visa Requirements Safety and Security Local Laws & Special Circumstances [367], The industrialization and urbanization of South Korea have brought many changes to the way modern Koreans live. When concerns arise at games time we look at them on a case-by-case basis. [142], South Korea is a member of the Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity Treaty, Kyoto Protocol (forming the Environmental Integrity Group (EIG), regarding UNFCCC,[143] with Mexico and Switzerland), Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (not into force), Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, and Whaling.[144]. [195], International opinion regarding the South Korean education system has been divided. According to an analysis by economist Han Sang-Wan, a 1 percent increase in the exports of Korean cultural content pushes consumer goods exports up 0.083 percent while a 1 percent increase in Korean pop content exports to a country produces a 0.019 percent bump in tourism.[321]. [230] North and South Korea are still technically at war (having never signed a peace treaty after the Korean War) and share the world's most heavily fortified border. Korean culture like Filipino culture has been influenced by interaction with other cultures, technology and the natural instinct of self-preservation. It constitutes the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and shares a land border with North Korea. [218] According to one ranking, it has the world's second best healthcare system. Soups are also a common part of a Korean meal and are served as part of the main course rather than at the beginning or the end of the meal. Exercise normal precautions in South Korea. [59][60][61][62] Later Silla was a prosperous and wealthy country,[63] and its metropolitan capital of Gyeongju[64] was the fourth largest city in the world. South Korea has four distinct seasons; spring, summer, autumn and winter. [331] Over one million DMB phones have been sold and the three major wireless communications providers SK Telecom, KT, and LG U+ provide coverage in all major cities and other areas. The South Korean government's structure is determined by the Constitution of the Republic of Korea. A unitary state is the opposite of a federation where powers are dispersed. President Lee Myung-bak declared in May 2010 that Seoul would cut all trade with North Korea as part of measures primarily aimed at striking back at North Korea diplomatically and financially, except for the joint Kaesong Industrial Project and humanitarian aid. [33][35] In 108 BCE, the Han dynasty defeated Wiman Joseon and installed four commanderies in the northern Korean peninsula. Churches, offices for foreign legislation, schools and university buildings were built in new styles. Balhae was founded by a Goguryeo general and formed as a successor state to Goguryeo. The aim of a communist state is to achieve communism or a sense of common ownership of the means of production and do away with social classes. Graduating from a top university is the ultimate marker of prestige, high socioeconomic status, promising marriage prospects, and a respectable career path. [273] In 2004, South Korea sent 3,300 troops of the Zaytun Division to help re-building in northern Iraq, and was the third largest contributor in the coalition forces after only the US and Britain. The U.S. government estimates the total population at 51.7 million (midyear 2021). [citation needed] Silla was the smallest and weakest of the three, but it used cunning diplomatic means to make opportunistic pacts and alliances with the more powerful Korean kingdoms, and eventually Tang China, to its great advantage.[51][52]. The Korea national basketball team has won a record number of 23 medals at the event to date.[404]. [141] One major challenge is air quality, with acid rain, sulfur oxides, and annual yellow dust storms being particular problems. They are also more difficult to design and implement than a Feed-in tariff. In 1910, Japan began a 35-year period of colonial rule over Korea. [385] Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become dominant in the modern South Korean popular music scene, though trot is still enjoyed among older South Koreans. The president Moon Jae-in pledged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions which contribute to climate change to zero in 2050. [167] Currently, South Korea has one of the highest rates of growth of foreign born population, with about 30,000 foreign born residents obtaining South Korean citizenship every year since 2010. Moon Jae-in's administration has focused on increasing South Korea's consumption of natural gas. [53] Later Silla was a golden age of art and culture,[54][55][56][57] as evidenced by the Hwangnyongsa, Seokguram, and Emille Bell. It also hosted the Winter Universiade in 1997, the Asian Winter Games in 1999, and the Summer Universiade in 2003 and 2015. There are many significant regional dishes that have proliferated in different variations across the country in the present day. South Korea - United States Department of State South Korea South Korea 77963 6396855 Welcome to the U.S. Department of State Twitter account. In February 2016, the Kaesong complex was closed by Seoul in reaction to North Korea's launch of a rocket earlier in the month,[234] which was unanimously condemned by the United Nations Security Council. Winter temperatures are higher along the southern coast and considerably lower in the mountainous interior. [189] With incredible pressure on high school students to secure places at the nation's best universities, its institutional reputation and alumni networks are strong predictors of future career prospects. South Korea. Following the surrender of Japan, in 1945, the "Republic of Korea" ( / , IPA: tanminuk, lit. [277] The vast majority of these are young men from the Jehovah's Witnesses Christian denomination. [324] The national pension scheme is the primary welfare system providing allowances to the majority of persons. [36][37][38], During the period known as the ProtoThree Kingdoms of Korea, the states of Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye and Samhan occupied the whole Korean peninsula and southern Manchuria. [256] South Korea asked the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to ban the Japanese Rising Sun Flag from the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo,[257][258] and the IOC said in a statement "sports stadiums should be free of any political demonstration. Approximately 3 million people died in the Korean War, with a higher proportional civilian death toll than World War II or the Vietnam War, making it one of the deadliest conflicts of the Cold War era. [378], Western architecture was first introduced to Korea at the end of the 19th century. Every 15th day of the 8th lunar month, Koreans celebrate the Midautumn Festival, in which Koreans visit their ancestral hometowns and eat a variety of traditional Korean foods. [393] Other Korean martial arts include Taekkyon, hapkido, Tang Soo Do, Kuk Sool Won, kumdo and subak.[394]. The executive and legislative branches operate primarily at the national level, although various ministries in the executive branch also carry out local functions. [349] However, the third launch of the Naro 1 in January 2013 was successful. [123], On 29 October 2022, at least 153 people were crushed to death when a crowd surged in an alleyway during Halloween festivities in Seoul's Itaewon district. Provinces of South Korea Provinces are one of the first-level divisions within South Korea. This allowed the UN to intervene in a civil war when it became apparent that the superior North Korean forces would unify the entire country. It incorporates a significant number of loan words from Chinese. There is a major cultural taboo in South Korean society attached to those who have not achieved formal university education, where those who do not hold university degrees face social prejudice and are often looked down by others as second-class citizens. [227], Despite the Sunshine Policy and efforts at reconciliation, the progress was complicated by North Korean missile tests in 1993, 1998, 2006, 2009, and 2013. [325] Like the individually insured persons, they too are in charge of covering the full amount of the contribution. [165][166] In addition, about 43,000 English teachers from English-speaking countries reside temporarily in Korea. [citation needed], The South Korean Navy has made its first major transformation into a blue-water navy through the formation of the Strategic Mobile Fleet, which includes a battle group of Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin class destroyers, Dokdo class amphibious assault ship, AIP-driven Type 214 submarines, and King Sejong the Great class destroyers, which is equipped with the latest baseline of Aegis fleet-defense system that allows the ships to track and destroy multiple cruise missiles and ballistic missiles simultaneously, forming an integral part of South Korea's indigenous missile defense umbrella against the North Korean military's missile threat.[268]. However, in 1392, General Yi Seong-gye, who had been ordered to attack China, turned his army around and staged a coup. Korean New Year's Day, or "Seollal", is celebrated on the first day of the Korean lunar calendar. [336][337][338] Additionally, South Korea today is known as a Launchpad of a mature mobile market, where developers can reap benefits of a market where very few technology constraints exist. There are approximately 28,500 U.S. military personnel stationed in South Korea,[275] most of them serving one year unaccompanied tours. [163] As of 2016[update], South Korea had 1,413,758 foreign residents, 2.75% of the population;[162] however, many of them are ethnic Koreans with a foreign citizenship. South Korea's efforts to build an indigenous space launch vehicle have been marred due to persistent political pressure from the United States, who had for many decades hindered South Korea's indigenous rocket and missile development programs[352] in fear of their possible connection to clandestine military ballistic missile programs, which Korea many times insisted did not violate the research and development guidelines stipulated by US-Korea agreements on restriction of South Korean rocket technology research and development. South Korea's terrain is mostly mountainous, most of which is not arable. [340], In late September 2013, a computer-security competition jointly sponsored by the defense ministry and the National Intelligence Service was announced. [386] 2019's Parasite, directed by Bong Joon-ho, became the highest-grossing film in South Korea as well as the first non-English language film to win Best Picture at the United States-based Academy Awards that year amongst numerous other accolades. [14][15][16] The 10th-century kingdom of Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo,[17][18] and thus inherited its name, which was pronounced by the visiting Arab and Persian merchants as "Korea". The National Assembly ( Gukhoe) has 300 members, elected for a four-year term, 253 members in single-seat constituencies and 47 members by proportional representation. Today, the CIA World Factbook describes South Korea's democracy as a "fully functioning modern democracy". South Korea hosted the G-20 Summit in Seoul in November 2010, a year that saw South Korea and the European Union conclude a free trade agreement (FTA) to reduce trade barriers. If you decide to travel to South Korea: Read the Department of State's COVID-19 page before planning any international travel, and read the Embassy's COVID-19 page for country-specific COVID-19 information. [322] The national pension covers employees who work in firms that employ five or more employees, fishermen, farmers, and the self-employed in both rural and urban areas. [354] In 2009, the government announced plans to build robot-themed parks in Incheon and Masan with a mix of public and private funding. [152][153], A centralized administration in South Korea oversees the process for the education of children from kindergarten to the third and final year of high school. All South Korean males are constitutionally required to serve in the military, typically 18 months. Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III suggested the 38th parallel as the dividing line, as it placed Seoul under U.S. control. Department Press Briefing January 13, 2023, Department Press Briefing January 12, 2023, 2023 Indo-Pacific Business Forum Promotes Inclusive and Sustainable Growth in the Indo-Pacific, Department Press Briefing January 9, 2023, Department Press Briefing Index Monday, January 9, 2023. "Seoul: S Korea looks forward to its own party,". [238] In modern times, before the formation of South Korea, Korean independence fighters worked with Chinese soldiers during the Japanese occupation. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Explorations on Martha Rogers' Science of Unitary Human Beings Pa at the best online prices at eBay! It is the country's largest island, with an area of 1,845 square kilometers (712 square miles). [113], In 2010, there was an escalation in attacks by North Korea. A unitary state only exercises the powers that the central government decides to delegate. Major U.S. firms have long been leading investors, while the R.O.K.s top firms have made significant investments in the U.S. [152][153] In a further indication of South Korea's dramatic decline in fertility, in 2020 the country recorded more deaths than births, resulting in a population decline for the first time since modern records began. [302] There are also many heliports. South Korea's birth rate was the world's lowest in 2009,[168] at an annual rate of approximately 9 births per 1000 people. The greening initiative includes such efforts as a nationwide bike network, solar and wind energy, lowering oil dependent vehicles, backing daylight saving time and extensive usage of environmentally friendly technologies such as LEDs in electronics and lighting. Male citizens 18-35 years old are required to complete at least 21 months of military service. In 1979, General Chun Doo-hwan led the coup d'tat of December Twelfth. Follow @SecBlinken for more from the Secretary. In May 2011, Korea Aerospace Industries Ltd., South Korea's largest plane maker, signed a $400 million deal to sell 16 T-50 Golden Eagle trainer jets to Indonesia, making South Korea the first country in Asia to export supersonic jets.[272]. [247] On 22 June, Moon Jae-in and Putin signed a document for foundation of free trade area. South Korea's smaller but more advanced artillery force and wide range of airborne reconnaissance platforms are pivotal in the counter-battery suppression of North Korea's large artillery force, which operates more than 13,000 artillery systems deployed in various state of fortification and mobility. 3 October is National Foundation Day. "[259], The European Union (EU) and South Korea are important trading partners, having negotiated a free trade agreement for many years since South Korea was designated as a priority FTA partner in 2006. South Korea would be a compact state because the distance from the center to any boundary is similar throughout the state and the state somewhat resembles a square. In addition to male conscription in South Korea's sovereign military, 1,800 Korean males are selected every year to serve 18 months in the KATUSA Program to further augment the United States Forces Korea (USFK). [133], The green-based economic strategy is a comprehensive overhaul of South Korea's economy, utilizing nearly two percent of the national GDP. companies announced plans to begin a series of projects in the U.S. over the next four years valued at $17.3 billion. [264] It went into effect on 15 March 2012. More specifically, the Korean Cabinet performs policy resolutions as well as policy consultations to the President. [198] In addition, 69.8 percent of South Koreans aged 2534 have completed some form of tertiary education qualification, and bachelor's degrees are held by 34.2 percent of South Koreans aged 2564, the most in the OECD. Three of the commanderies fell or retreated westward within a few decades. [307] Nuclear power in South Korea supplies 45% of electricity production, and research is very active with investigation into a variety of advanced reactors, including a small modular reactor, a liquid-metal fast/transmutation reactor and a high-temperature hydrogen generation design. The U.S. and Korea's Joseon Dynasty established diplomatic relations under the 1882 Treaty of Peace, Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, and the first U.S. diplomatic envoy arrived in Korea in 1883. [355], In 2005, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) developed the world's second walking humanoid robot, HUBO. [274] Beginning in 2001, South Korea had so far deployed 24,000 troops in the Middle East region to support the War on Terrorism. However, it is not a direct translation of the Korean name. A sizable arsenal of many artillery systems, including 1,700 self-propelled K55 and K9 Thunder howitzers and 680 helicopters and UAVs of numerous types, are assembled to provide additional fire, reconnaissance, and logistics support. South Korea has a government which is a Unitary State. The government developed the nationwide expressway system, the Seoul subway system, and laid the foundation for economic development during his 17-year tenure, which ended with his assassination in 1979. The southern coast is subject to late summer typhoons that bring strong winds, heavy rains and sometimes floods. Precise numbers are difficult since statistics do not record ethnicity and given many immigrants are ethnically Korean themselves, and some South Korean citizens are not ethnically Korean.[162]. 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