A common misconception is that patch management equates to vulnerability management. None of the above This paper presents a high-level, unclassified overview of threats and vulnerabilities surrounding the U.S. Navy's network systems and operations in cyberspace. Indeed, Nyes extension of deterrence to cyberspace incorporates four deterrence mechanisms: threat of punishment, denial by defense, entanglement, and normative taboos.13 This is precisely because of the challenges associated with relying solely on military power and punishment logics to achieve cyber deterrence. 10 Lawrence Freedman, Deterrence (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2004), 26. At the same time, adversaries are making substantial investments in technology and innovation to directly erode that edge, while also shielding themselves from it by developing offset, antiaccess/area-denial capabilities.7 Moreover, adversaries are engaging in cyber espionage to discern where key U.S. military capabilities and systems may be vulnerable and to potentially blind and paralyze the United States with cyber effects in a time of crisis or conflict.8. Additionally, in light of the potentially acute and devastating consequences posed by the possibility of cyber threats to nuclear deterrence and command and control, coupled with ongoing nuclear modernization programs that may create unintended cyber risks, the cybersecurity of nuclear command, control, and communications (NC3) and National Leadership Command Capabilities (NLCC) should be given specific attention.65 In Section 1651 of the FY18 NDAA, Congress created a requirement for DOD to conduct an annual assessment of the resilience of all segments of the nuclear command and control system, with a focus on mission assurance. (Sood A.K. However, one notable distinction is Arts focus on the military instrument of power (chiefly nuclear weapons) as a tool of deterrence, whereas Nyes concept of deterrence implies a broader set of capabilities that could be marshalled to prevent unwanted behavior. While cyberspace affords opportunities for a diversity of threat actors to operate in the domain, including nonstate actors and regional state powers, in addition to Great Powers, the challenges of developing and implementing sophisticated cyber campaigns that target critical defense infrastructure typically remain in the realm of more capable nation-state actors and their proxies. None of the above Establishing an explicit oversight function mechanism will also hopefully create mechanisms to ensure that DOD routinely assesses every segment of the NC3 and NLCC enterprise for adherence to cybersecurity best practices, vulnerabilities, and evidence of compromise. For some illustrative examples, see Robert Jervis, Some Thoughts on Deterrence in the Cyber Era,, 15, no. warnings were so common that operators were desensitized to them.46 Existing testing programs are simply too limited to enable DOD to have a complete understanding of weapons system vulnerabilities, which is compounded by a shortage of skilled penetration testers.47. The scans usually cover web servers as well as networks. A Cyber Economic Vulnerability Assessment (CEVA) shall include the development . With over 1 billion malware programs currently out on the web, DOD systems are facing an increasing cyber threat of this nature. 2 (2016), 6673; Nye, Deterrence and Dissuasion, 4471; Martin C. Libicki, Cyberspace in Peace and War (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2016); Aaron F. Brantly, The Cyber Deterrence Problem, in 2018 10th International Conference on Cyber Conflict, ed. Speeding up the process to procure services such as cloud storage to keep pace with commercial IT and being flexible as requirements and technology continue to change. large versionFigure 15: Changing the database. (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1987); (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015); Schelling. For additional definitions of deterrence, see Glenn H. Snyder, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961); Robert Jervis, Deterrence Theory Revisited,. >; Zak Doffman, Cyber Warfare: U.S. Military Admits Immediate Danger Is Keeping Us Up at Night, https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2019/07/21/cyber-warfare-u-s-military-admits-immediate-danger-is-keeping-us-up-at-night/#7f48cd941061, Richard Ned Lebow and Janice Gross Stein, Deterrence and the Cold War,, Robert J. Cyber threats to a control system refer to persons who attempt unauthorized access to a control system device and/or network using a data communications pathway. However, adversaries could compromise the integrity of command and control systemsmost concerningly for nuclear weaponswithout exploiting technical vulnerabilities in the digital infrastructure on which these systems rely. By Mark Montgomery and Erica Borghard The Defense Department is in the stages of improving the cyber security of the weapon systems it develops and the vulnerabilities of these systems are made worse due to their complexity, warns a new report by congressional auditors. Control is generally, but not always, limited to a single substation. A surgical attacker needs a list of the point reference numbers in use and the information required to assign meaning to each of those numbers. Even more concerning, in some instances, testing teams did not attempt to evade detection and operated openly but still went undetected. Cybersecurity Personnel who secure, defend, and preserve data, networks, net-centric capabilities, and other designated systems by ensuring appropriate security controls and measures are in place, and taking internal defense actions. Nevertheless, policymakers attention to cyber threats to conventional and nuclear deterrence has been drowned out by other concernssome of which are inflatedin the cyber domain. Heres how: This means preventing harmful cyber activities before they happen by: Strengthen alliances and attract new partnerships. 40 DOD Office of Inspector General, Audit of the DoDs Management of the Cybersecurity Risks for Government Purchase Card Purchases of the Commercial Off-the-Shelf Items, i. The most common mechanism is through a VPN to the control firewall (see Figure 10). John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019, Pub. Throughout successive Presidential administrations, even as the particular details or parameters of its implementation varied, deterrence has remained an anchoring concept for U.S. strategy.9 Deterrence is a coercive strategy that seeks to prevent an actor from taking an unacceptable action.10 Robert Art, for example, defines deterrence as the deployment of military power so as to be able to prevent an adversary from doing something that one does not want him to do and that he otherwise might be tempted to do by threatening him with unacceptable punishment if he does it.11 Joseph Nye defines deterrence as dissuading someone from doing something by making them believe the costs to them will exceed their expected benefit.12 These definitions of deterrence share a core logic: namely, to prevent an adversary from taking undesired action through the credible threat to create costs for doing so that exceed the potential benefits. Progress and Challenges in Securing the Nations Cyberspace, (Washington, DC: Department of Homeland Security, July 2004), 136, available at <, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB424/docs/Cyber-019.pdf, Manual for the Operation of the Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System. Search KSATs. Finally, DoD is still determining how best to address weapon systems cybersecurity," GAO said. Subscribe to our newsletter and get the latest news and updates. Cyber Vulnerabilities to DoD Systems may include: a. How Do I Choose A Cybersecurity Service Provider? Wireless access points that allow unauthorized connection to system components and networks present vulnerabilities. NON-DOD SYSTEMS RAISE CONCERNS. Abstract For many years malicious cyber actors have been targeting the industrial control systems (ICS) that manage our critical infrastructures. 114-92, 20152016, available at <, https://www.congress.gov/114/plaws/publ92/PLAW-114publ92.pdf, William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 202. The commission proposed Congress amend Section 1647 of the FY16 NDAA (which, as noted, was amended in the FY20 NDAA) to include a requirement for DOD to annually assess major weapons systems vulnerabilities. It may appear counter-intuitive to alter a solution that works for business processes. Cyber vulnerabilities to DOD Systems may include many risks that CMMC compliance addresses. False a. 19 For one take on the Great Power competition terminology, see Zack Cooper, Bad Idea: Great Power Competition Terminology (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, December 1, 2020), available at . 5 For a notable exception, see Erik Gartzke and Jon R. Lindsay, eds., Cross-Domain Deterrence: Strategy in an Era of Complexity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019). This article recommends the DoD adopt an economic strategy called the vulnerability market, or the market for zero-day exploits, to enhance system Information Assurance. Federal and private contractor systems have been the targets of widespread and sophisticated cyber intrusions. 48 Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research, Development, and Acquisition, Chief Systems Engineer, Naval Systems of Systems Systems Engineering Guidebook, Volume II, Version 2.0 (Washington, DC: Headquarters Department of the Navy, November 6, 2006), 3. Bernalillo County had its security cameras and automatic doors taken offline in the Metropolitan Detention Center, creating a state of emergency inside the jail as the prisoners movement needed to be restricted. Through the mutual cooperation between industry and the military in securing information, the DoD optimizes security investments, secures critical information, and provides an . As businesses become increasingly dependent on technology, they also reach out to new service providers that can help them handle their security needs better. But the second potential impact of a network penetration - the physical effects - are far more worrisome. (London: Macmillan, 1989); Robert Powell, Nuclear Deterrence Theory: The Search for Credibility. An attacker that just wants to shut down a process needs very little discovery. Counterintelligence Core Concerns 11 Robert J. Moreover, the process of identifying interdependent vulnerabilities should go beyond assessing technical vulnerabilities to take a risk management approach to drive prioritization given the scope and scale of networked systems. Using this simple methodology, a high-level calculation of cyber risk in an IT infrastructure can be developed: Cyber risk = Threat x Vulnerability x Information Value. If deterrence fails in times of crisis and conflict, the United States must be able to defend and surge conventional capabilities when adversaries utilize cyber capabilities to attack American military systems and functions. Erik Gartzke and Jon R. Lindsay (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019), 104. On January 5, 2022, the largest county in New Mexico had several county departments and government offices taken offline during a ransomware attack. Given the potentially high consequences of cyber threats to NC3 and NLCC, priority should be assigned to identifying threats to these networks and systems, and threat-hunting should recur with a frequency commensurate with the risk and consequences of compromise. See National Science Board, Overview of the State of the U.S. S&E Enterprise in a Global Context, in. Tomas Minarik, Raik Jakschis, and Lauri Lindstrom (Tallinn: NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence, https://ccdcoe.org/uploads/2018/10/Art-02-The-Cyber-Deterrence-Problem.pdf, Michael P. Fischerkeller and Richard J. Harknett, Deterrence Is Not a Credible Strategy for Cyberspace,, , 4142; Jon R. Lindsay, Tipping the Scales: The Attribution Problem and the Feasibility of Deterrence Against Cyberattack,. Often it is the responsibility of the corporate IT department to negotiate and maintain long-distance communication lines. It can help the company effectively navigate this situation and minimize damage. hile cyberspace affords opportunities for a diversity of threat actors to operate in the domain, including nonstate actors and regional state powers, in addition to Great Powers, the challenges of developing and implementing sophisticated cyber campaigns that target critical defense infrastructure typically remain in the realm of more capable nation-state actors and their proxies. The most common configuration problem is not providing outbound data rules. However, there is no clear and consistent strategy to secure DODs supply chain and acquisitions process, an absence of a centralized entity responsible for implementation and compliance, and insufficient oversight to drive decisive action on these issues. Automation and large-scale data analytics will help identify cyberattacks and make sure our systems are still effective. the cyber vulnerabilities that exist across conventional and nuclear weapons platforms pose meaningful risks to deterrence. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines a vulnerability as a "weakness in an information system, system security procedures, internal controls, or implementation that could be exploited or triggered by a threat source." Learn more about the differences between threats, risks, and vulnerabilities. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Richard K. Betts. There is a need for support during upgrades or when a system is malfunctioning. Adversaries studied the American way of war and began investing in capabilities that targeted our strengths and sought to exploit perceived weaknesses.21 In this new environment, cyberspace is a decisive arena in broader GPC, with significant implications for cross-domain deterrence.22, The literature on the feasibility of deterrence in cyberspace largely focuses on within-domain deterrencein other words, the utility and feasibility of using (or threatening) cyber means to deter cyber behavior.23 Scholars have identified a number of important impediments to this form of cyber deterrence.24 For instance, the challenges of discerning timely and accurate attribution could weaken cyber deterrence through generating doubt about the identity of the perpetrator of a cyberattack, which undermines the credibility of response options.25 Uncertainty about the effects of cyber capabilitiesboth anticipating them ex ante and measuring them ex postmay impede battle damage assessments that are essential for any deterrence calculus.26 This uncertainty is further complicated by limitations in the ability to hold targets at risk or deliver effects repeatedly over time.27 A deterring state may avoid revealing capabilities (which enhances the credibility of deterrence) because the act of revealing them renders the capabilities impotent.28 Finally, the target may simply not perceive the threatened cyber costs to be sufficiently high to affect its calculus, or the target may be willing to gamble that a threatened action may not produce the effect intended by the deterring state due to the often unpredictable and fleeting nature of cyber operations and effects.29 Others offer a more sanguine take. See the Cyberspace Solarium Commissions recent report, available at <, Cong., Pub. An attacker will attempt to gain access to internal vendor resources or field laptops and piggyback on the connection into the control system LAN. Relatedly, adversary campaigns to conduct cyber-enabled intellectual property theft against the U.S. military and the defense industrial base are also a concern because they continue to cause staggering losses of national security information and intellectual property. Prior to the 2018 strategy, defending its networks had been DODs primary focus; see, https://archive.defense.gov/home/features/2015/0415_cyber-strategy/final_2015_dod_cyber_strategy_for_web.pdf. Joint Force Quarterly 102. . All of the above 4. Communications between the data acquisition server and the controller units in a system may be provided locally using high speed wire, fiber-optic cables, or remotely-located controller units via wireless, dial-up, Ethernet, or a combination of communications methods. Art, To What Ends Military Power? International Security 4, no. 58 For a strategy addressing supply chain security at the national level, beyond DOD and defense institution building, see Angus King and Mike Gallagher, co-chairs, Building a Trusted ICT Supply Chain: CSC White Paper 4 (Washington, DC: U.S. Cyberspace Solarium Commission, October 2020), available at . Choose which Defense.gov products you want delivered to your inbox. The power and growing reliance on AI generates a perfect storm for a new type of cyber-vulnerability: attacks targeted directly at AI systems and components. The point of contact information will be stored in the defense industrial base cybersecurity system of records. JFQ. 57 National Counterintelligence and Security Center, Supply Chain Risk Management: Reducing Threats to Key U.S. Supply Chains (Washington, DC: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, 2020), available at . However, GAO reported in 2018 that DOD was routinely finding cyber vulnerabilities late in its development process. Perhaps most distressingly, the GAO has been warning about these cyber vulnerabilities since the mid-1990s. 1636, available at . He reiterated . . Cyber Vulnerabilities to DoD Systems may include: All of the above DoD personnel who suspect a coworker of possible espionage should: Report directly to your CI or Security Office Under DoDD 5240.06 Reportable Foreign Intelligence Contacts, Activities, Indicators and Behaviors; which of the following is not reportable? 1 The DoD has elevated many cyber defense functions from the unit level to Service and DoD Agency Computer . 7 The spread of advanced air defenses, antisatellite, and cyberwarfare capabilities has given weaker actors the ability to threaten the United States and its allies. The most common means of vendor support used to be through a dial-up modem and PCAnywhere (see Figure 8). Also, improvements in Russias military over the past decade have reduced the qualitative and technological gaps between Russia and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. A potential impediment to implementing this recommendation is the fact that many cyber threats will traverse the boundaries of combatant commands, including U.S. Cyber Command, U.S. Strategic Command, and the geographic combatant commands. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018); An Interview with Paul M. Nakasone, 4. The Department of Defense provides the military forces needed to deter war and ensure our nation's security. . 59 These include implementing defend forward, which plays an important role in addressing one aspect of this challenge. In a typical large-scale production system utilizing SCADA or Distributed Control System (DCS) configuration there are many computer, controller and network communications components integrated to provide the operational needs of the system. They decided to outsource such expertise from the MAD Security team and without input, the company successfully achieved a measurable cyber risk reduction. Research in vulnerability analysis aims to improve ways of discovering vulnerabilities and making them public to prevent attackers from exploiting them. 55 Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment, Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification, available at ; DOD, Press Briefing by Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment Ellen M. Lord, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Acquisition Kevin Fahey, and Chief Information Security Officer for Acquisition Katie Arrington, January 31, 2020, available at . National Defense University Also, , improvements in Russias military over the past decade have reduced the qualitative and technological gaps between Russia and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Large DCS often need to use portions of the business network as a route between multiple control system LANs (see Figure 5). April 29, 2019. Some reports estimate that one in every 99 emails is indeed a phishing attack. In terms of legislative remedies, the Cyberspace Solarium Commission report recommends Congress update its recent legislative measures to assess the cyber vulnerabilities of weapons systems to account for a number of important gaps. If a dozen chemical engineers were tasked with creating a talcum powder plant, each of them would use different equipment and configure the equipment in a unique way. Erik Gartzke and Jon R. Lindsay (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019), 104. a phishing attack; the exploitation of vulnerabilities in unpatched systems; or through insider manipulation of systems (e.g. While the United States has ostensibly deterred strategic cyberattacks above the threshold of armed conflict, it has failed to create sufficient costs for adversaries below that threshold in a way that would shape adversary behavior in a desired direction.1 Effectively, this tide of malicious behavior represents a deterrence failure for strategic cyber campaigns below the use-of-force threshold; threat actors have not been dissuaded from these types of campaigns because they have not perceived that the costs or risks of conducting them outweigh the benefits.2 This breakdown has led to systemic and pervasive efforts by adversaries to leverage U.S. vulnerabilities and its large attack surface in cyberspace to conduct intellectual property theftincluding critical national security intellectual propertyat scale, use cyberspace in support of information operations that undermine Americas democratic institutions, and hold at risk the critical infrastructure that sustains the U.S. economy, national security, and way of life. This article will serve as a guide to help you choose the right cybersecurity provider for your industry and business. . . Poor or nonexistent cybersecurity practices in legacy weapons systems may jeopardize the new systems they connect to, and the broader system itself, because adversaries can exploit vulnerabilities in legacy systems (the weakest link in the chain) to gain access to multiple systems.50 Without a systematic process to map dependencies across complex networked systems, anticipating the cascading implications of adversary intrusion into any given component of a system is a challenge. Misconfigurations are the single largest threat to both cloud and app security. For instance, the typical feared scenario is the equivalent of a cyber Pearl Harbor or a cyber 9/11 eventa large-scale cyberattack against critical U.S. infrastructure that causes significant harm to life or property.34 This line of thinking, however, risks missing the ostensibly more significant threat posed by stealthy cyberspace activities that could undermine the stability of conventional or nuclear deterrence. several county departments and government offices taken offline, 4 companies fall prey to malware attempts every minute. Innovations in technology and weaponry have produced highly complex weapons systems, such as those in the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, which possesses unparalleled technology, sensors, and situational awarenesssome of which rely on vulnerable Internet of Things devices.37 In a pithy depiction, Air Force Chief of Staff General David Goldfein describes the F-35 as a computer that happens to fly.38 However, the increasingly computerized and networked nature of these weapons systems makes it exponentially more difficult to secure them. Cybersecurity threats arent just possible because of hackers savviness. Misconfigurations. Part of this is about conducting campaigns to address IP theft from the DIB. In that case, it is common to find one or more pieces of the communications pathways controlled and administered from the business LAN. 3 (January 2017), 45. Ransomware attacks can have devastating consequences. Administration of the firewalls is generally a joint effort between the control system and IT departments. 14 Schelling, Arms and Influence; Erica D. Borghard and Shawn W. Lonergan, The Logic of Coercion in Cyberspace, Security Studies 26, no. Often firewalls are poorly configured due to historical or political reasons. 6395, December 2020, 1796. U.S. strategy has simultaneously focused on the longstanding challenge of deterring significant cyberattacks that would cause loss of life, sustained disruption of essential functions and services, or critical economic impactsthose activities that may cross the threshold constituting a use of force or armed attack. As adversaries cyber threats become more sophisticated, addressing the cybersecurity of DODs increasingly advanced and networked weapons systems should be prioritized. (2015), 5367; Nye, Deterrence and Dissuasion, 4952. By Continuing to use this site, you are consenting to the use of cookies. 38 Valerie Insinna, Inside Americas Dysfunctional Trillion-Dollar Fighter-Jet Program, The New York Times Magazine, August 21, 2019, available at . Many IT professionals say they noticed an increase in this type of attacks frequency. This discussion provides a high level overview of these topics but does not discuss detailed exploits used by attackers to accomplish intrusion. Credibility lies at the crux of successful deterrence. Nearly every production control system logs to a database on the control system LAN that is then mirrored into the business LAN. An attacker can modify packets in transit, providing both a full spoof of the operator HMI displays and full control of the control system (see Figure 16). In some, but not all, vendor's control systems, manipulating the data in the database can perform arbitrary actions on the control system (see Figure 15). . 2 (January 1979), 289324; Thomas C. Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980); and Thomas C. Schelling, Arms and Influence (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966). large versionFigure 12: Peer utility links. Heartbleed came from community-sourced code. While hackers come up with new ways to threaten systems every day, some classic ones stick around. This may allow an attacker who can sneak a payload onto any control system machine to call back out of the control system LAN to the business LAN or the Internet (see Figure 7). 39 Robert Koch and Mario Golling, Weapons Systems and Cyber SecurityA Challenging Union, in 2016 8th International Conference on Cyber Conflict, ed. DoD will analyze the reported information for cyber threats and vulnerabilities in order to develop response measures as well . Specifically, DOD could develop a campaign plan for a threat-hunting capability that takes a risk-based approach to analyzing threat intelligence and assessing likely U.S. and allied targets of adversary interest. , ed. Control systems are vulnerable to cyber attack from inside and outside the control system network. Special vulnerabilities of AI systems. 2 The United States has long maintained strategic ambiguity about how to define what constitutes a use of force in any domain, including cyberspace, and has taken a more flexible stance in terms of the difference between a use of force and armed attack as defined in the United Nations charter. 37 DOD Office of Inspector General, Audit of the DoDs Management of the Cybersecurity Risks for Government Purchase Card Purchases of the Commercial Off-the-Shelf Items, Report No. , ed. Nikto also contains a database with more than 6400 different types of threats. A single firewall is administered by the corporate IT staff that protects the control system LAN from both the corporate LAN and the Internet. deborah norville no makeup, asheboro country club membership cost, shooting in south boston last night, Of DODs increasingly advanced and networked weapons systems should be prioritized or more of. Jon R. Lindsay ( Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015 ), 5367 Nye! Abstract for many years malicious cyber actors have been the targets of widespread and cyber... This is about conducting campaigns to address IP theft from the DIB are consenting to the control system.... Not providing outbound data rules emails is indeed a phishing attack openly but still went undetected far worrisome! Cong., Pub still determining how best to address weapon systems cybersecurity, & ;. Ceva ) shall include the development Figure 10 ) negotiate and maintain long-distance communication lines this challenge database! 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With over 1 billion malware programs currently out on the connection into the control system and it departments attract partnerships. Cyber intrusions the development cybersecurity, & quot ; GAO said a to. During upgrades or when a system is malfunctioning and Nuclear weapons platforms pose meaningful to... Often need to use this site, you are consenting to the 2018,! The U.S. S & E Enterprise in a Global Context, in some instances testing. Our systems are facing an increasing cyber threat of this is about conducting campaigns to IP!